Stress-induced macrophage polarization

Polarization by Synovial Fibroblasts Modulation of TNF-Induced Macrophage

Modulation of TNF-induced macrophage polarization by synovial fibroblasts.

Mesenchymal stromal cells have emerged as powerful modulators of the immune system. In this study, we explored how the human macrophage response to TNF is regulated by human synovial fibroblasts, the representative stromal cell type in the synovial lining of joints that become activated during inflammatory arthritis. We found that synovial fibroblasts strongly suppressed TNF-mediated induction ...

Macrophage Polarization Mini Review

In the 1990s it was discovered that the cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 induced different effects on macrophage gene expression compared to that of interferon (IFN)-gamma and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast to the classical activation of macrophages by IFN-gamma (Nathan CF et al. 1983), the macrophage gene expression induced by IL-4 was described as “alternative activation” (Stein M et al. 19...

Macrophage Polarization-Introduction

Macrophages (MΦ) are phagocytic cells of the innate immune system that are present in virtually all tissues. Macrophages differentiate from circulating peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which migrate from the bloodstream into tissue in the steady state or in response to trauma or infection [1]. Mononuclear cells develop from myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow that serve as th...

Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization